Antiapototic effect of captopril in cisplatin-induced kidney injury in rats

Aim of the work: captopril protects against cisplatin induced nephrotoxicitity; however its potential modulatory effect on hemeoxygenase [HO]-1, antioxidants, as well as inflammatory and apoptotic markers has not yet been verified

Materials and methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control [saline], cisplatin [5 mg/kg; i.p], and captopril [60 and 100 mg/kg] given 5 days before and after cisplatin [5 mg/kg; i.p] treatment

Results: Five-day pre- and post-treatment with captopril [60 and 100 mg/kg; i.p], for a total of 10 days, dose dependently, reduced blood urea nitrogen, as well as serum creatinine and gamma glutamyl transferase, but serum albumin and total protein levels were increased. Captopril restored renal pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance by activating glutathione peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase, and boosting the renal glutathione content. These effects were accompanied by the reduction in serum and/or renal HO-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, nitric oxide, endothelin-1 and caspase-3. Microscopically, captopril especially at 100 mg/kg dose level, prevented cisplatin-induced degenerative changes and inflammatory cell infiltration in the kidney

Conclusion: captopril protects against cisplatin nephrotoxicity by its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic potentials

Amblyomma dissimile Koch (Acari: Ixodidae) attacking Primolius maracana Vieillot (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae) in the Amazon region, state of Pará, Brazil

The tick Amblyomma dissimile Koch feeds preferentially on reptiles (Squamata), although amphibians (Anura) also seem to be important hosts. We report an A. dissimile nymph infesting a blue-winged macaw, Primolius maracana, held in captivity in the Mangal das Garças Park, State of Pará, Brazil. Environmental observations suggest that free-living iguanas (Iguana iguana), which used to walk on the bird enclosure in the park, were the source of the A. dissimile tick that infested the blue-winged macaw. We provide the second world record of a bird host for A. dissimile, and the first bird record for this species in South America.

Cytogenetic characterization and evaluation of c-MYC gene amplification in PG100, a new Brazilian gastric cancer cell line

Gastric cancer is the fourth most frequent type of cancer and the second cause of cancer mortality worldwide. The genetic alterations described so far for gastric carcinomas include amplifications and mutations of the c-ERBB2, KRAS, MET, TP53, and c-MYC genes. Chromosomal instability described for gastric cancer includes gains and losses of whole chromosomes or parts of them and these events might lead to oncogene overexpression, showing the need for a better understanding of the cytogenetic aspects of this neoplasia. Very few gastric carcinoma cell lines have been isolated. The establishment and characterization of the biological properties of gastric cancer cell lines is a powerful tool to gather information about the evolution of this malignancy, and also to test new therapeutic approaches. The present study characterized cytogenetically PG-100, the first commercially available gastric cancer cell line derived from a Brazilian patient who had a gastric adenocarcinoma, using GTG banding and fluorescent in situ hybridization to determine MYC amplification. Twenty metaphases were karyotyped; 19 (95 percent) of them presented chromosome 8 trisomy, where the MYC gene is located, and 17 (85 percent) presented a deletion in the 17p region, where the TP53 is located. These are common findings for gastric carcinomas, validating PG100 as an experimental model for this neoplasia. Eighty-six percent of 200 cells analyzed by fluorescent in situ hybridization presented MYC overexpression. Less frequent findings, such as 5p deletions and trisomy 16, open new perspectives for the study of this tumor.

Genotoxic effect of Physalis angulata L. (Solanaceae) extract on human lymphocytes treated in vitro

Physalis angulata L (Solanaceae) is a medicinal plant from North of Brazil, whose different extracts and infusions are commonly used in the popular medicine for the treatment of malaria, asthma, hepatitis, dermatitis and rheumatism. However, the genotoxic effects of P. angulata on human cells is not well known. The main purpose of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of P. angulata using the comet assay and the micronucleus assay in human lymphocytes provided from 6 healthy donors. Treatments with P. angulata extracts were performed in vitro in order to access the extent of DNA damage. The comet assay has shown that treatments with P. angulata at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 6.0 microg/mL in culture medium were genotoxic. Lymphocytes treated with P. angulata at the concentrations of 3.0 and 6.0 microg/mL in culture medium showed a statistically significant increase in the frequency of micronucleus (p<0.05), however, the cytokinesis blocked proliferation index (CBPI) was not decreased after P. angulata treatment. In conclusion, the present work demonstrated the genotoxic effects of P. angulata extract on human lymphocytes in vitro.

Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of low doses of mercury chloride and methylmercury chloride on human lymphocytes in vitro

Mercury is a xenobiotic metal that is a highly deleterious environmental pollutant. The biotransformation of mercury chloride (HgCl2) into methylmercury chloride (CH3HgCl) in aquatic environments is well-known and humans are exposed by consumption of contaminated fish, shellfish and algae. The objective of the present study was to determine the changes induced in vitro by two mercury compounds (HgCl2 and CH3HgCl) in cultured human lymphocytes. Short-term human leukocyte cultures from 10 healthy donors (5 females and 5 males) were set-up by adding drops of whole blood in complete medium. Cultures were separately and simultaneously treated with low doses (0.1 to 1000 æg/l) of HgCl2 and CH3HgCl and incubated at 37°C for 48 h. Genotoxicity was assessed by chromosome aberrations and polyploid cells. Mitotic index was used as a measure of cytotoxicity. A significant increase (P < 0.05) in the relative frequency of chromosome aberrations was observed for all concentrations of CH3HgCl when compared to control, whether alone or in an evident sinergistic combination with HgCl2. The frequency of polyploid cells was also significantly increased (P < 0.05) when compared to control after exposure to all concentrations of CH3HgCl alone or in combination with HgCl2. CH3HgCl significantly decreased (P < 0.05) the mitotic index at 100 and 1000 æg/l alone, and at 1, 10, 100, and 1000 æg/l when combined with HgCl2, showing a synergistic cytotoxic effect. Our data showed that low concentrations of CH3HgCl might be cytotoxic/genotoxic. Such effects may indicate early cellular changes with possible biological consequences and should be considered in the preliminary evaluation of the risks of populations exposed in vivo to low doses of mercury.

Genotoxic effects of rotenone on cultured lymphocytes

Rotenone is a heterocyclic compound widely used as an insecticide, acaricide and piscicide. Its toxicity is mainly caused by the inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory processes and ATP production, resulting in the generation of reactive oxygen species. Reactive oxygen species can interact with DNA, RNA and proteins, leading to cell damage, followed by death. We used the Comet assay, and we analyzed chromosome aberrations, in order to evaluate the genotoxic and clastogenic effects of rotenone on the different phases of the cell cycle. Cultured human lymphocytes were treated with 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 microg/mL rotenone during the G1, G1/S, S (pulses of 1 and 6 h), and G2 phases of the cell cycle. Rotenone induced DNA damage and was clastogenic, but the clastogenicity was detected only with treatments conducted during the G1/S and S phases of the cell cycle. Rotenone also induced endoreduplication and polyploidy in treatments made during G1, while it significantly reduced the mitotic index in all phases of the cell cycle.

Evaluation of the mutagenic activity of hydroxyurea on the G1-S-G2 phases of the cell cycle: an in vitro study

Hydroxyurea is considered an antineoplastic drug, which also plays an important role in the treatment of sickle cell anemia patients. We evaluated and compared the clastogenic and cytotoxic effects of hydroxyurea, using chromosomal aberrations and mitotic index, respectively, as endpoints. In vitro short-term cultures of lymphocytes were exposed to several concentrations of this drug, at various cell cycle phases. There was a significant increase in the cytotoxicity of hydroxyurea at G1 and G1/S as well in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. Hydroxyurea did not significantly increase chromosome aberrations. There was an S-dependent cytotoxic effect of hydroxyurea, which is expected based on the known activity of hydroxyurea as an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase

The anticancer homeopathic composite [quot ]Canova Method[quot ] is not genotoxic for human lymphocytes in vitro

The Canova Method (CM) is a homeopathic medicine indicated for the treatment of patients with cancer and for pathologies that involve a depressed immune system, such as AIDS. This product is composed of homeopathic dilutions of Aconitum napellus, Arsenicum album (arsenic trioxide), Bryonia alba, Lachesis muta venom and Thuya occidentalis. It stimulates the immune system by activating macrophages. Activated macrophages stimulate the lymphocytes so that they increase their cytotoxic action in response to tumoral growth or infection. Given that the CM stimulates and accelerates the activity of macrophages and lymphocytes, we evaluated genotoxic effects induced in human lymphocytes treated with this homeopathic medication in vitro. Structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations were scored for the assessment of induced genotoxic effects, while the variation in mitotic index was considered as a monitor for induced cellular toxicity. The lymphocytes were cultivated for 24, 48 or 72 h in the following final concentrations of the medicinal composite CM: 4, 8 and 12. Treatments with the CM did not affect mitotic indexes, nor did they provoke chromosomal aberrations, when compared with untreated controls. There was no cytotoxicity or genotoxicity at the chromosomal level

Serum antigliadin antibody levels as a screening criterion before jejunal biopsy indication for celiac disease in a developing country

The objective of the present study was to determine the efficacy of detection of antigliadin immunoglobulins G and A (IgG and IgA) for the diagnosis of celiac disease in a developing country, since other enteropathies might alter the levels of these antibodies. Three groups were studied: 22 patients with celiac disease (mean age: 30.6 months), 61 patients with other enteropathies (mean age: 43.3 months), and 46 patients without enteropathies (mean age: 96.9 months). Antigliadin IgG and IgA ELISA showed sensitivity of 90.9 and 95.5 percent, respectively. With the hypothetical values of prevalence ranging from 1:500 to 1:2000 liveborns, the positive predictive value varied from 8.5 to 2.3 percent for IgG and from 4.8 to 1.1 percent for IgA. Considering the patients without enteropathies, specificity was 97.8 and 95.7 percent for IgG and IgA, respectively. In patients with other enteropathies, specificity was 82.0 and 84.1 percent, respectively. When patients with and without other enteropathies were considered as a whole, specificity was 88.8 and 91.6 percent, respectively. The specificity of positive IgG or IgA was 93.5 percent in children without enteropathies and 78.7 percent in the presence of other enteropathies. The negative predictive value for hypothetical prevalences varying from 1:500 to 1:2000 liveborns was 99.9 percent. Thus, even in developing countries where the prevalence of non-celiac enteropathies is high, the determination of serum antigliadin antibody levels is a useful screening test prior to the jejunal biopsy in the investigation of intestinal malabsorption

Cytogenetic description of breast fibroadenomas: alterations related solely to proliferation?

Twelve breast fibroadenomas were analyzed cytogenetically and only four were found to have clonal alterations. The presence of chromosomal alterations in fibroadenomas must be the consequence of the proliferating process and must not be related to the etiology of this type of lesion. In contrast, the few fibroadenomas that exhibit chromosomal alterations are likely to be those presenting a risk of neoplastic transformation. Clonal numerical alterations involved chromosomes 8, 18, 19, and 21. Of the chromosomal alterations found in the present study, only monosomy of chromosomes 19 and 21 has been reported in breast fibroadenomas. The loss of chromosome 21 was the most frequent alteration found in our sample. The study of benign proliferations and their comparison with chromosome alterations in their malignant counterparts ought to result in a better understanding of the genes acting on cell proliferation alone, and of the genes that cause these cells to exhibit varied behaviors such as recurrences, spontaneous regression and fast growth

Investigation of single-strand conformational polymorphism of the TP53 gene in women with a family history of breast cancer

Breast cancer in families with germ line mutations in the TP53 gene has been described in the medical literature. Mutation screening for susceptibility genes should allow effective prophylactic and preventive measures. Using single-strand conformational polymorphism, we screened for mutations in exons 5, 6, 7 and 8 of gene TP53 in the peripheral blood of 8 young non-affected members (17 to 36 years old) of families with a history of breast cancer. Studies of this type on young patients (mean age, 25 years) are very rare in the literature. The identification of these mutations would contribute to genetic counseling of members of families with predisposition to breast cancer. The results obtained did not show any polymorphism indicating mutation. In our sample, the familial tumorigenesis is probably related to other gene etiologies

A avidez de anticorpos específico anti-toxoplasma da classe IgC e sua utilizaçäo na diferenciaçäo entre toxoplasmose recente e crônica em caprinos / Toxoplasma - specific IgC antibodies avidity ELISA and its role in the differentiation between recent and chronic toxoplasmosis in goats

Foi avaliada a avidez de anticorpos IgG como marcador sorológico de infecçäo recente e crônica pelo Toxoplasma gondii, através da dissociaçäo do complexo antígeno-anticorpo com uréia. A avaliaçäo foi realizada medindo-se a percentagem de queda (por cento Q) da absorbância, pelo ELISA, após a lavagem do complexo Ag - Ac formado com soluçäo de uréia. Ficou determinado que a concentraçäo de uréia 9 Molar (M) foi a que melhor diferenciou infecçöes recentes e crônicas de cabras experimentalmente infectadas com Toxoplasma gondii, e que a porcentagem Q da absorbância decresce com o tempo de infecçäo do animal, tornando-se estável em torno do 100§ dia após a inoculaçäo. Em um grupo de 116 amostras de soro, coletadas de caprinos naturalmente infectados, foram demonstrados perfis característicos de toxoplasmose recente, crônica ou em fase de transiçäo. Os perfis foram previamente determinados pela avaliaçäo da evoluçäo dos níveis de anticorpos IgG pela reaçäo de imunofluorescência indireta. Os animais caracterizados como portadores de toxoplasmose crônica apresentaram uma porcentagem Q da absorbância de 26,32 mais ou menos 10,84. Para toxoplasmose recente a porcentagem Q da absorbância observada foi de 77,61 mais ou menos 13,89 e para o perfil de transiçäo, 46,22 mais ou menos 11,94

Utilizaçäo do eluato de sangue dessecado em papel de filtro no diagnóstico sorológico da toxoplasmose caprina / Use of dried blood sample for sorological diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in goats

Foi realizada pesquisa de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii em 183 amostras de sangue dessecado em papel de filtro utilizando as reaçöes de imunofluorescência indireta ELISA e dot-ELISA, tomando como referência os resultados obtidos nos soros. A análise dos resultados demonstrou que papéis com sangue dessecado podem ser conservados por um período mínimo de 45 dias à temperatura ambiente e por seis meses a 4§C, desde que mantidos livres de umidade pela utilizaçäo de agentes dessecantes como a sílica-gel. A reprodutibilidade das reaçöes, avaliada por meio da curva dos títulos de anticorpos no decorrer do tempo após a coleta do sangue em papéis de filtro, demonstrou uma concordância de 97 a 100 por cento entre os resultados obtidos nos soros e eluatos. Os títulos de anticorpos permaneceram estáveis durante o período observado. Os resultados obtidos com eluato de sangue dessecado foram semelhantes na RIFI, ELISA e dot-ELISA, indicando que qualquer uma das três reaçöes pode ser utilizada em eluatos de sangue dessecado para o diagnóstico da toxoplasmose caprina

Infecçäo experimental de caprinos com Strongyloides papillosus / Experimental strongyloidiasis in goats

Acompanhou-se a evoluçäo da infecçäo por Strongyloides papillosus em 14 caprinos sem raça definida, de três a seis meses de idade, inoculados com 3.000 larvas infectantes por kg de peso vivo. Os resultados mostraram que a suscetibilidade ao parasita näo está relacionada com a idade do animal, mas que o período de eliminaçäo de ovos de S. papillosus foi mais longo nos animais mais jovens. A necrópsia foram observadas alteraçöes histopatológicas que caracterizam enterite catarral aguda com pronunciada exulceraçäo simples da mucosa. A pesquisa de anticorpos da classe IgC, pelo ELISA, mostrou que esses anticorpos foram detectados a partir do 20§ dia após a inoculaçäo (DAI) até o 200§ DAI, quando os animais foram necropsiados. Os níveis máximos de anticorpos (título variando entre 1:5.120 a 1:40.960) foram observados entre o 30§ e o 130§ DAI

effect of peer prescence on strength test scores of Bahraini male athletes

This study examined the effect of the presence of peers as a motivator on strength scores as measured on an isokinetic dynamometer. The results show that strength score measurements increase significantly when peers are present. Coashes, trainers, and therapists may emprove strength, and perhaps other exercise, programs by including the presence of other in their program plans. This study has also supported the concept that peer presence affect simple motor responses while perhaps disturbing those that are newer and less well learned. More studies are needed to look at the role of new tasks

Toxoplasma gondii em caprinos inoculados experimentalmente / Toxoplasma gondii in tissues of experimentally infected goats

Toxoplasma gondii foi demonstrado em órgäos de 10 entre 12 caprinos inoculados pela via subcutânea com 10 elevado à sétima potência taquizoítos de uma cepa de virulência moderada do T. gondii (C4). O parasito näo foi demonstrado em órgäos de duas cabras näo gestantes que já apresentavam anticorpos anti-T. gondii antes do inóculo, mas foi evidenciado em uma cabra gestante que apresentava estes anticorpos previamente. Os órgäos mais frequentemente parasitados foram cérebro, coraçäo, músculo esquelético e diafragma. Um animal sacrificado no 60§ dia após a inoculaçäo (DAI) apresentou 91 por cento dos órgäos positivos, enquanto outro sacrificado no 561§ DAI, apresentou 17 por cento dos órgäos positivos. A presença do parasita em órgäos de caprinos com 505 a 561 dias de infecçäo indica a importância da carcaça destes animais na transmissäo da toxoplasmose devido ao costume comum de consumo desta carne no Brasil e em outras partes do mundo

Diagnosis of caprine toxoplasmosis by a dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Foi avaliada a reaçäo imunoenzimática dot-ELISA, no imunodiagnóstico da toxoplasmose caprina, considerando a reaçäo de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI) como reaçäo de referência. Para a avaliaçäo da dot-ELISA discos de nitrocelulose foram sensibilizados com 0,1 microgramas de proteína/ml de uma soluçäo antigênica obtida através da sonicaçäo de taquizoitas de Toxoplasma gondii. Esta concentraçäo antigênica foi considerada ótima na discriminaçäo de soros reagentes e näo reagentes. Foram testadas 169 amostras de soro, destas 115 (68 por cento) foram reagentes a antígenos de T. gondii, com títulos de anticorpos variando entre 1/16 e 1/16:384, quando testadas através da reaçäo de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI); na dot-ELISA, 119 (70 por cento) foram positivas, com título variando entre 1/16 e 1/65.536. A comparaçäo entre as técnicas mostra os seguintes índices: co-positividade (sensibilidade) 0,89, co-negatividade (especificidade) 0,98, e Youden (concordância) 0,93, quando foi utilizado o título de 1/16 como discriminatório de reaçöes positivas e negativas. Utilizando como discriminatório o título de 1/64, os índices calculados foram co-positividade 0,97, co-negatividade 0,96 e Youden 0,93. Os resultados mostram a possibilidade da utilizaçäo da dot-ELISA no imunodiagnóstico da toxoplasmose caprina. A introduçäo desta reaçäo no imunodiagnóstico da toxoplasmose seria de grande importância, principalmente em estudos soro-epidemiológicos, já que a técnica pode ser realizada sob condiçöes de campo, pois nenhum equipamento especial é requerido para a sua execuçäo

Toxoplasmose experimental em cabras gestantes / Experimental toxoplasmosis in pregnant goats

Onze cabras gestantes sem raça definida foram inoculadas pela via subcutânea com 10 elevado à sétima potência taquizoítos de uma cepa de virulência moderada do Toxoplasma gondii (CA). Duas cabras gestantes foram usadas como controle näo inoculados. Foi observado transmissäo congênita do T. gondii em sete das oito cabras inoculadas entre o 52§ e o 67§ dia de gestaçäo (cinco abortos e dois partos normais com filhotes debilitados). Três cabras inoculadas entre o 100§ e o 133§ dia de gestaçäo pariram crias aparentemente normais, apesar da ocorrência de transmissäo congênita em um dos animais. Foi possível ainda evidenciar a transmissäo congênita do parasita em uma entre quatro cabras avaliadas em duas gestaçöes sucessivas. As cabras controle pariram crias aparentemente normais, não infectadas pelo T. gondii

Measuring changes in healthrelated fitness status and attitude as a result of a one-semester college healthfitness course

The main purpose of the present study was to determine if health-related fitness, and attitude could be improved as a result of one semester college fitness course. Fitness was measured by sit-up test, jump on bench test, sit and reach test, standing long jump test, and jump rope as a measure of cardiovascular endurance. Attitude was measured by Kenyon six scales for assessing attitude toward exercise and physical activity. The health-fitness classes met three times per week for a session of 45 minutes each. All the classes used the same tests and followed the same course requirements. The results indicated that all groups significantly improved at 0.05 level of confidence in fitness and attitude, and that fitness and attitude can be improved in female college students in Bahrain as a result of a well - organized health-fitness course to the same degree regardless of the specific methodology employed

Measuring changes in health-related fitness status and attitude as a result of a one-semester college healthfitness course for women in University of Bahrain

The main purpose of the present study was to determine if health-related fitness and attitude could be improved as a result of one semester college health-fitness course. A total of 68 female college students enrolled in 4 health-fitness classes at University of Bahrain for 14 weeks. Fitness was measured by sit-up test, jump on bench test, sit and reach test, standing long jump test, and jump rope as a measure of cardiovascular indurance. Attitude was measured by Kenyon six scales for assessing attitude toward exercise and physical activity. The health-fitness classes met three times per week for a session of 45 minutes each. All the classes used the same tests and followed the same course requirements. The results indicted that all groups significantly improved at 0.05 level of confidence in fitness and attitude, and that fitness and attitude can be improved in female college students in Bahrain as a result of a well-organized health-fitness course to the same degree regardless of the specific methodology employed